Extreme temperatures are driving a dramatic decline in bumblebees across North America and Europe, according to a new study, in yet another way climate change is putting ecosystems at risk.
Researchers looked at half a million records showing where bumblebees have been found since 1901, across 66 different species. They found that in places where bumblebees have lived in North America, you're about half as likely to see one today.
The decline is especially pronounced in Mexico, where bumblebees once lived in abundance.
Big heat events can stress both the bees and the flowers they depend on.
"It's these extreme events throughout the year that's pushing bees beyond what they've ever had to handle before," says Peter Soroye, a graduate student at the University of Ottawa and lead author on the study published in the journal Science. "And that seems to be driving a lot of the disappearances in bees."
Bumblebees also don't seem to be rapidly expanding into new habitats in search of cooler temperatures. Scientists believe that some plants and animals will move northward or to higher elevations as the climate warms.
"They're simply not able to colonize new regions at the same rate that they're disappearing from old ones," Soroye notes.
"The trends are disturbing," says Rebecca Irwin, a professor of ecology at North Carolina State University who was not involved in the study
Bumblebees are crucial pollinators for natural landscapes. Just don't confuse them with honeybees.
"It's an important distinction," Soroye says. "Bumblebees are fuzzy. They're like little teddy bears flying around in the sky."
Honeybees were brought over from Europe to pollinate many agricultural crops, while bumblebees are native to the U.S., evolving with the ecosystems that rely on them.
"Bumblebees are some of the best pollinators that we have," Soroye says. "They're just so much bigger. When they land on a flower, they vibrate the entire flower."
That signature buzz pollinates flowers that honey bees often can't. Crops like tomatoes and blueberries keep their pollen tucked away, unlike many plants that leave theirs out in the open.
"You can think of it like the pollen is stuck in a little salt shaker, and the bees need to shake the pollen at a certain frequency to get the pollen out of the salt shaker," Irwin explains.
She says that "we need to figure out ways to help species cope with climate change, because if we don't do something, we're going to lose species that are really important for ecosystem function."
One bumblebee, the rusty patched bumblebee, is listed as endangered under the federal Endangered Species Act. In California, a legal battle has erupted between the state, agricultural groups and conservationists over protecting four bumblebees species under state law.
Still, scientists say there's a lot everyday people can do.
"If you have a garden, fill it full of native plants that the bees can go visit," Soroye says.
He also recommends leaving fallen logs or leaf piles on the ground, which can create shelter and shade during extreme heat events.
"It's OK that your garden looks messy," Irwin says. "That's a good thing for the bees."
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